Alternatinq-current electric reciprocating engine



BEST AVAELABLE COP:

3 Sheets-Sheet 1.

(No Model.)

' G. J. VAN DEPOELE. ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC RECIPROGATING ENGINL.

Patented Apr. 2, 1889.

( n uc-n loz Charles BEST AVNLABLE COP:

3 Sheets-Sheet 3.

A N DEPi ELE.

: ALTEBNATING GURRENT ELECTRIC REGIPROGATING ENGINE.

(No Model.)

0. J. VA

Patented Am 2 GE /Larisa Jiau'w mz Millioznm ALrEa Tinc-c uRRt-mt ELECTRi j Io-all may concern.-

it known that 1, CHARLES J. "AN DE- '5 Massaehusetts,h

sssr AVAZLABLE corn UNITED .[STATES PATENT OFFICE.

oHARLEsJ. vAii nEPoELE, or LYNN,

MASSACH USETTS.

c RECIPROCAT'ING ENGINE.

jrno r ron'nox forming part of Letters Fatent No. 400,809, dated April 2, 1889. l Application filed September is, 1858,; rennin. 285,294. (nomad) roam, a citizenof the. United States, residing at Lynn, in the county of Essex, State of ave invented certain new and Electric Reciprocating Engines, of which the following isa fl s'cript-ion. ".My' invention relates to improvements in reciprocatingelectricengines. .Asshown and described, the invention is specificallyada-p'ted tothatelass of drilling-engines known as mining-machines. I have also used it in connection with a power-hammer. It will be understood, however, that the invention is applicablejlo inany other forms of reciprocat mg power-motor. Electriorally-operated engines, asheretofore constructed, have all been operated b means of a continuous current circulated or desired periods through acoil communicated to the piston or plunger carry-.

5 was controlled and directed or coils, the magnetic attraction of which was ing the tool, and by said action reciprocating motion was communicated thereto.

In the operation of; the various prior devices the mot ve current was straightened by meansof commutators in circuit with the armature of the generator, and the current by which the reciprocations of the tool were produced and switches, all of which were troublesome, expensive, and have not up to the present time been commercially practicable-a result largely due to the rapid destruction of the brushes and contacts due to the sparks accompanying the rupture of an'electric circuit. wording to myinvention, however, the re- ,oipifocations are produced by-the rise and fall of what are known as alternating currents, 4 said currents being applied to the engine directly from'an alternating-current generator,

or of a converter acting to transform ontin uous into alternating currents and capable of operating at alow speed, so as to produce from one hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty reversals of currentper minute, or thereabout, the pistons of the engines n1ov ing to and fro in synchronismwith the alternations of the supplycurrent.

'ith one form of my invention a single coil is provided for driving the'piston forward to make the effective stroke, the piston being engine shown in Fig. l. r

retracted by a suitable spring. form two coils are provided, the piston being alternately thrown forward and backward; but in this form I also add an electromagnetic circuit-changing device arranged to alternatelyput'the respective coils in circuit to produce the f0rward-and-backward stroke. It will be noted, however, that the switching device referred to changes the circuit at the same time that the current changesth'at is to say, the switching is efiecied at the time when there is practically no current flowing, one current having fallen to zero and the other being about to begin. The switching atthis moment is not accompanied bysparking and its destructive resultsa feature of special value and importance in fiery mines. An additional form'of my invention comprises a long s'ingle coil, theplungerin this instance being formed of a permanct magnet. Itwill be evident thatwith this construction a plus current will draw the plunger forward, the following min us cu rrentdrivin g it back again. I have also shown the invention as applied to the operation of a power-hammer. This form of my invention comprises a long solenoid, within which moves a plunger much shorter than the length of the solenoid. Adjustable contacts are provided, which are adapted to move over or be set upon exposed terminals of the main coil,- and to thereby limit and regulate the length of stroke of the hammer.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a view in elevation showing a generator and exciter therefor and a reciprocating drillingengineem'bodying my invention. Fig. 2 is a trans verse sectional elevation of the drillingig. 3-is a transverse sectional elevation of a dilferent form of engine also embodying my invention. is a transverse elevation of a drilling-engine also embodying my invention. Fig. 5 is a transverse partlysectional elevation of a power-hammer to which my invent-ion is applied. Fig. 6 is an enlarged detail showing one form of plunger. Figs. 7 and 8 are sectional elevations showing different forms of constructing the plunger. Fig. 9 is a diagrann mat-1c view showing thearrangcnnrnt of a plant for operating by means of a continuous supply-current and an inductional transformer for changing the same to currents of alter- In another Fig. 4

'; connected tonne of the terminals of the armatur'e circuitf The brushes D D are each con-' quire'd. Therefore in many cases it would be -'cordingto the length of the supply-circuit E E. Induction-transformersB are provided for converting the continuous currents from primary and secondary circuits being of such through the coilsof the transformer ina manwill, however, be wound according tothe conterltial suitable to the operation of the drill- .ing 'engines, each division of the primary BEST AVAILABLE COP:

.nating polarity. Fig. 10 is a diagram showing the electrical construction of the converter seen in Fig. 9. Fig. 11 is-a diagram of the englue and circuit-changer. Fig. 12 is' a diagram showingaditfercnt arrangement of the connections for thepircuitchanger.

Similar letters denote like'parts throughout. In the drawings'A represents a dynamo.- electric generator, the armature B of which is preferablywoundwith 'a single coil, 12, the said coil being placed upon a central iron core formedwith enlarged pole-pieces C 0.. Anarmature of this construction will emit during each revolution two impulses or'c'urrents, one rising from zero to maximum and then falling, and of onevpolarity, the succeeding current having thesarne characteristics, but of the-op posite 'sign. a

D' are the collector-brushes, which bear upon collecting-rings d d, each of which is nectedto one s E. v F is an exciter supplying currents of contiuuous polarity to the field-magnets of thegenerator A. With the arrangements just described, and

of the'main-circilit 'c'd nductors cient quantity withlowarmat'ure speed, a gen crater of.- relativelyrlarge sizewould be re-.'

preferable to use aplant organized as in Fig. 9, where I haveshownla continuous currentgenerator, F, which may be wound to produce currents of relatively high or low potential, ac-

the generator F into currents of alternating some convenient point in the'line will supply all the engines it is desired to use.

As seenin Fig. 10, the converter comprises a sore, B, upon which are wound primary and secondarycirouits b b, the conductors of said relative sizes as will-produce secondary currents of the. desired intensity. Where the supply currehtis'ofsmall quantity and high -tension,'the primary conductor 1; should be of small diameter and the secondary conductor 1) of, relatively large diameter. The converters ditions to. be met. Asa means of interrupt ing the continuous current and passing-it nor to produce the gradual rise and fall of powind ing-is connected,as by terminals 12, with insulated sections of a fixed commutator, D. A'pair of commutator-brushes, d'- d, bear against opposite sides of the commutator D and are separately connected with the posi--- .the, converter flow out through conductorsE" 'inder G resenting, respectively, the outer terminals of ,If found desirable,

ti 7e and negative conductorsof the main my ply-circuit. The commutator-brushes 'd' -d' are rotatabiy mounted with respect to'the 7o cured tupon a vertical spindle, d", whic also provided with positive and'negative contact .c"ylinders C C, electrically connected with the brushes d (2 against which c link 7 ders bear contact-springs or-brushes "11 connected ,by branch supply-conductors e' c with the supply-conductors E E tro-dymamic motor, F, is placed in circuit with the main conductorsE? E and an adjustablc resistance, E,-and is mechanical]. connected to a pulley, (1 upon thespindle d l, and when su to ro tatc said p'pli'ed with current willoperate spindle andcommutator-brush'es at any desired speed, causing the converter to produce currents of alternating polarity, the rapidity ofwhichcan be controlled and regulatcdby the speed of the motor .F. The currents produced-in the secondary coils of E9, connected to the secondary coils at opposite points-thereon. One or more drilling-englues, G, are connccted-iii the secondary cir cuit E Eflas indicated, according to the ca- .pacity of the converter and the requirements" of the'work to bedone.

G. representsan iron cylinder, within which the actuating coil or coils of the reciprocating engines are'airfan'ged.

bushing or packing placed in the ex -tremity of the projecting tube and serving.

as a guide and support to the piston-rod H,

to the outer extremity of which is'attached a cutting-chisel or, other tool, I. The iron .cyl-

is provided with iron heads g gf.

,J is the piston or plunger, secured to'the rear end of the piston rod H, and arranged to be reciprocated within a central non-magnetic metallic tube, j, between the exterior of which and the interior of. the cylinder G and suitably insulated therefrom is placed the motor coil or coils.

, As shown in Fig. 2, two coils, K L, are employed, one for the forward and the other for the backward movement. Said coils are divided'by a central insulating-partition, k, and their outer terminals" are. connected to fixed contacts M M, which are conveniently supported upon the exterior of the cylinder, rep-.

12!. the motor-coils K L. A r'eciprocatingcircuitchanging device for directing the current alternately-into the said motor-coils is conven-iently disposed within a box or casing,.M=.

the relative. sizes of the two coils, when two coils are used, maybe other than that'hereinshown, the preponderance. in size and power being given to the coil imparting the forwardor power stroke.

' ;In Fig. 3 onecoil is'entirely dispensed with, the coil there shown serving merelyto impart forward motion to the plunger to perform its stroke. With this construction a light flexible spring, 9, is coiled about the forward end V ILABLE com of the piston-rod, between the end of the plunger and the end g of the casing G, for the purpose of retracting the plunger J when the stroke has been made. If desired, a sec end but smaller and lighter spring, g", maybe placed int-he rear end of the tube j to serve as'a cushion for the plunger-ll", thereby lessening thejar of its sudden retraction-and easingitin its forward movement. W'ith this construction no circnit-changingdevices are required, the currentbeing admitted to one end bf the coil. through conductor .0 and returned through the conductor 0". The plunger J consists of a solid piece 4 of soft iron, in x 5 which are formed longitudinal grooves Qr slots for the purpose of facilitating the demagnetization thereof and also to prevent the circulation of Foucault currents therein.

. Fig. 8 shows a cross-section of an alterna- 2o tive form of plunger, which is constructed ofa long strip, 1, of soft iron of" the requisite width, which is rolled upon the piston-rod II, each layer being separated by a suitable layer of insulating material-desirably paper.

Fig.1; shows a piston or plunger, J formed of disks 7;,0f sott'iron, each separated bya suitable layer of insulating material, the said disksbeing securely united between the heads Q Q, the head. Q being centrally secured o thereto and adapted to engage the rear end of the piston-rod ll to force the disks tightly against the head. Q, which rests against acol-' lar, q, or other fixed extension upon the piston-rod, as'indicated bydotted lines.

5 g In Fig. 4 I have shown another forni of my invention, differing from those already described only in .thatthe plunger R is composed of a single piece of steel permanently magnetized. A single motor-coil, vL, sup:

4o plies the moving force to the plunger R,which vwill be thrownjorward byan impulse of one polarity, and on account. of its permanent magnetism will be'repelled and thrown rearward by the nekti'succeeding wave or current 5 of opposing sign, and these alternating movement-s will continue so long as current of al ternating polarity is supplied.

In many varieties of work of which reciprocating engines are capable, whether in the form o't a drill or of a power-hammer, it is desirable to vary the length of the stroke, and alsoespecially in drills and hammegs it is'desirable to'adjustt'he striking-point of the tool nearer to or farther from the point-of power. 5 5- For example, in beginning to drill a hole the drill strikes upon the surface, and as it penetrains it is'necessary to feed the same forward. j This canbe accomplished in the case of a, mining-machine such as is'shown in Figs. 1. i, and 3 by moving the cngi ue upon its supporting-'11eels nearer tothe work in accordance with the penetration of the tool. In many instances this adj ustment is insullicicnt, and I have therefore shown in Fig. 5 a simple yet effective meansof not onlylengthcning or shortening the stroke itself, but of causing the blow to be delivered nearer to or farther from the cylinder in aclosed position. Fig. 5 shows an; arrangement such as just referred in, which, for convenience of illustracoil is made somewhat longer, as indicated at L. The coilLis'providedwith an interior iron casing, as described. with referenceto either' described form, but somewhat. shorter in proportion to the length of the cylinder, is provided, and to the lower end of the pistonirod II is attached'ahammer adapted tostrike able-anvil, s. v

, Upon the exterior casing, G, of-the coil L is arranged avertical series ofterminala'lf. Upon a vertical -guide-rod, t, secured in proximity a vertically movable sleeve, U, having an form 'of a rod, U. The sleeve U is connected to a pivoted lever, u, by which it can be .moved .up and down the entire length' of the cylinder G. Brush-clamps u a are secured upon the sleeve U'and rod U,'and by means thereof brushes V V may be secured at any desired distance apart. Current being admitted to the coil L through the clamps V 'V and the terminals T, upon which they rest, the piston B, being a permanent magnet, will move up'and downin synchronism with the speed of the generator with a length of stroke equal to the distance between the brushes Y V. When a thicker piece of work than that shown at S is upon the anvil, and it isdesired that the stroke of the hammer shall descend a less distance, the brushes V V are, by means of the sleeve U, moved vertically. upward until the desired effect is producedvated or lowered to the proper distance. By this means also the force of the blow may be materially varied and controlled with the greatest ease.

In the form shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4 the preferred length of piston is about that of the actuating-coil. In Fig. 5, however-,the piston is made considerably shorter in order to allow of a longer range of stroke. conditions are unchanged.

Asseen in Fig. ll, the circuit-changing device may consist of a solenoid, N, within which is placed an iron plunger, 'm. The

coil N, so that on the passage of a current through said coil its projecting end-will be attracted with considerable force, and by its momentum the opposite end of said plunger will be projcctoda similar distance beyond the opp0site end 0f the solenoid instead of stopping in accntrnl position with respect to the coil. As seen in Figll, contact devices are placed adjacent to each end of the solenoid N. The contacts M M are preferably short metal tubes or cylinders. from which .tion only, is seenas applied to a powenham-v mer. In this form of'my invention the motormetallic non magnetic lining and an exterior upon, the workS, which .is supported on asuitupwardly-extending part, preferably in the Otherwise the plunger m is about one-third longer than the:

preceding figures. A steel plunger, R,'-of

to the "ertical series of terminals 'l,is placed that is, until the stroke of the engine is ele- V IIO BEST AVAILABLE com ty being connected directlyto the return sup-.

ply-conductor E, The solenoid is thus con- 1 uected in series with bothof the coils K L. The A solenoid N is spanned bya shunt, E, which inis'cludes an adjustable resistance, 6. The

plunger 11: ,should' be of a sizeto easily fitwithin the contactsM Mm'm,so that it may i pass in and outwith facility. It is, desirably, further provi ed with contact springs m at so eachjextremityi- The contacts M M may alsowith advantage serve as air-cushions for said plunger to prevent-it striking forcibly against their heads, and, if desired, the plunger may "-&l80 be provided with a small washer, m of :5 rubber or equivalent material, atits extremityto more accurately fit the boreof the contacts' M M. ith the parts in the position shown in Fig. 11 the circuit is completed from conductor E through the contact m, plan'- 34; ger m, contact M, conductor 1, coil L, con- Iductorm, solenoid N, and cond uctor E. Upon the passage of 'a current impulse the coil L will attract the magnetizable piston .1, (shownin dotted lines drawing it rapidly forward to make the power-stroke. Simultaneously the coil N will attract the end 0; its plunger m, drawing it out of contact M, and forcing it into the opposite contact, M. The piston ,J moves in one-direction and the plunger m 40 in the other at the same time, and their travel will ordinarily occupy the period of one phase of the current, so that by the time one phase of current goes down the parts will be in po-.

'sition for the reverse movement. The-contacts M M are designed to be of sufiicient length to maintain the circuit of the coil through which the current may be passing until the piston has completed its movement; but it will be evident that if said contacts are .50 of the fulllength of the piston, being one-third longer than the solenoid, they would always remain in contact withboth of them. I there: fore provide the auxiliary contacts 122 m so that the plunger m, when in one position, will be entirely free from the other contact. At i the same time as the piston starts again in the opposite direction, the distance between the main and auxiliary contacts being small, the springs upon the extremities 'of the plunger will close the circuit between the main and auxiliary contacts, which connection will be maintained until the plunger has completed its reverse movement.

The movements of the plunger m and the rapidity with which thephases of current succeed each other, should be so timed and adjusted to the weight 0! the parts and the character of the worlr that the-completion of each reciprocation of both plunger and piston will coincide with each phase of the current;

When this is the case, no sparking will occur-.

and the engine will work smoothly. The

speedat which the plunger m moves can be regulated to thecircuit, and the rapidity-ofthe phase of current by means of the resist" ance e. The solenoid may, howevenbe con-3 the plunger will be moved.

It will be apparent thatmany changes may be made which are not shown or described in this specification, the same being chiefly for purpose of illustration. I propose, however,

to modify the several forms shown, as that can be done in many particulars without departing from the scope or nature of the invention.

- The currents by which my reciprocating engine is operated are hereinbefore referred to as alternatingfbut it will be understood that pulsating, interrupted, intermittent, or

defined cu rrents-that is to say, on rreuts having a definite rise and fall, whether thesucceeding currents be of alternate or similar polarities and however produced-are included in the terms used in referring to the actuating force A great advantage incident to the use of such currents is found in the" fact that the circuitconnections to the motorcoils for producing reciprocatory motion in a movable magnetic plunger can be changed when one current has fallen to zero and before the succeeding one has attained volume enough to cause a spark, thereby entirely eliminating the objectionable features of systerns including circuibchaugin g apparatus.

It will be obvious also that by suitably winding and connecting the motorcoils in-' .termittent or defined currents, whether of alternating or constant'polarity, will serve to produce the desired reciprocations of the piston. Having described my invention, what I elaim,and desire to secure by Letters Patent. rs-

1. In a system of electro-magnetic reciproeating engines, a source of electricity giving defined phases of current in a closed circuit,

engines having motor-coils placed in said circuit and energized by the said defined-cur:

rents, and a magnetic piston or plunger placed under the influence of the said coils, substantiallyas described.

2. A reciprocating electric-engine system comprising an engine having two or more motor-coils and a magnetic piston adapted for reciprocation within said coils, an electricgen erator adapted to produce rising and falling defined electric impulses, and circuii-connections between the motor-coils and generator, whereby electric impulses are supplied to the BEST AVAILABLE COP:

motor-coils in alternation, substantially as described. f

3. Anclect'ro-magnetic reciprccati ug engine comprising a solenoid or solenoids composed 5 of one or more coils and in circuit with a'. source of electricity giving defined phases of current, and a magnetic piston under the influence of the coils and arranged to be reciprocated thereby'in accordance with the current phases sent through thecoilsot thcengine, substantiallyas described.

f 4. An electro magn etic reciprocating engine comprising a coil or coils in circuit with a. source of alternating or'defined electric curr rents, a piston arranged to move longitudinallywithin the said 'coilor'coilsunder the influence of the phases of the supply-current, and a tool-holdin g piston-rod attachcdto the piston, substantially as described.

5. An electro magnetic reciprocating engine comprising an actuating coil or coils in circuit with a source of alternating-or intermittent currents, a non-magnetic lining'or tube within the coilor coils, and a piston adapted to be' reciprocated within the interior tube under the influence of alternating phases of current circulating in the motor coils, Slllk 1 st'antially as described. I I 6. An electro-inagneticreciprocatingengine comprising amotor coil or coils incireuitwith a source of'alternating or defined electric currents, and an iron plunger adapted to be reciprocatedtvithin the ooilor coils under the influence ofthe alternating currentathe mass of said plunger being laminated or'subdivided, substantially asv described.

7. :In an electromagnetic reciprocating engine, amotor-helix' in circuit with a source of alternating or defined electric currents, a plunger attached to the tool-holding devices adapted to bereciprocatcd within the helix under the influence of and in accordance with the phases of current circulating therein, a series of terminals extending from the coils of the helix, and a movable contact for adj usting the length of the stroke of the plunger by cutting outs greater or less portion of the motor-helix, substantially as described.

8.; In an electro-inagnetic-reciprocating engine, a motor-helix in circuit with a source of alternating or defined electric currents, apiston attached to the tool-holding devices and adapted rociprocated-within the heligp under the intl uence of and in accordance with 5'5-defincd currents circnlating therein, a series of terminals extending from the coils of the helix, and movable contacts for cutting out a greater or less portion of the motorhelix, whereby the length of the stroke may be ad- 6ejusted and ivhereby also the operative position of the plunger may be determined, substantially as described.

9. In a reciprocating electric'engine, the ,comblnationof motor-coilsin circuit'with a source of defined electric currents, a piston arranged within said coils and actuated altcrnately thereby, and a ciru1it-changing desi hl mb natiomi ith' vice arranged and-operating to connect the I imparting'recipprocating motion thereto,-said .solenoid being of less length than the-plunger, and two sets of main and auxiliary coir tacts 'at opposite ends of the path of the circuit-clo'sing plunger, said sets of main and auxiliary- ,con'tacts being. electrically (con nected tothe-outer terminals 'of the motorm s. e imt ve rtsrbste t s 'd crib i 11. In a reciprocatingjelccjtro-xnagneticlenmagneticallyactnatd piston arranged tobe moved backglnd 'forth within said coils by the influence of -currents circulating in said coils -in alternation, of. .a reciprocating circuitmotor-coils and a,

changingdevice comprising-a solenoid, an

iron plunger therefor of a length exceeding that of thesolenoid, main contacts located at opposite ends of the path of the plunger and electrically connected to the motor-coils, respectively, and auxiliary cont-acts lo'catedbetween the inner extremities-ofthe main oon tacts and the solenoid, but 'separatedtherefrom, whereby thecxtremlty oi-eitherend of the plungerfwill .be out 'o'fcontact'withone 'of themaiu contacts when in its oppositeposition, substantially as described.

12. In a reciprocating eleet-ro-magnetic englue, the combination, with motor-coils and a magnetically-actuated piston moving within said coils, of a circuit-changing device for directing the supply-current through said coils in alternation, comprising a solenoid, a reciprocating plunger, contacts representing the motor-coils and located in the path of the plunger, and an adjustable resistance for regulating the speed of the clrcuitrchanging device, substantially as described.

1 3. ha reciprocating electromagnetic engine, the combination of a source of inter-.

mittent or defined current, motor-coils, and a piston arranged to be reciprocated within said coils by the passage of said currents therethrough in alternation, and a cir'cuit-chan g ingdevice comprising a solenoid in circuit-- with said intermittent currehtsand having a reciprocating plunger arranged to close the 1 main circuit upon the motorcoils in alternw tion, said plunger'and piston perating slmultaneously and completing heir respective movements during eaehphasc of current, substantially as described.

14. In a reciprocating electromagnetic engine, the combination of motor-coils, a piston moving in said coils,'--and a circuit-changing ICC device comprising a solenoid,- a reciprocating plunger therefor, and tubular contacts" arranged to receive the ends of the plungeigthe diameter of said tubes being adjusted to re- BEST AVAILABLE COP:

card-the freeescapc of air and form an aircushion to'fabsoi b the momentum of the plum V ger, substantially as described.

15. In a, reciprocating electromagnetic en'.

5 gine,'the combination, with a motor coil or coils and a magnetically-actuated piston 'mov- 1ng'1n said coils under the influence of currents: flowing theret-hrough, of fan inductional transformer incircuit tli'erwit-lrfor'" produc- I0 ing definedcurrents'of alternating polarity,

an electro-dynamic .inotor nieclianically'connectedto circuit-changing devices in said transformer for controlling the flow ofthe primary current thcrethrough, and means for x 5 regulating the speed of the motor and thereby cont-rolling the action of the transformer, substantially as described. r

16. ,,In a reciprocating electro magnetic engine, thdcornbination, with a. motor coil or 29 coils and amagnetically-actuated piston moving in said coils underthe influence of currents fiowingtlierethrough, of a source of continuous current,.an' inductional transformer for producing defined currentsof alternating 5 polarity, an electro dynamic motor mechanicallj' connected to circuitchanging dcvices in said transfer-Iver for controlling the flow of the primary current therethrough, and an ad- -justuble resistance for regulating the speed of the motor and thereby controlling the action of 'the'transformer, substantially as dcscribed. I V

17. The combinationgvith an elect ro-magnet- .icreciprocating engine, of ason rceof continu ous'current, an inductional transformer comprising primary and secondary coils, a commutator the sections of which are connect ed to the con'tinuations of the coils of the primary circuit, rotatably-inounted commutatorbrushes in circuit with the source of continuous current, and an electro-dynamic motor connected to and acting to rotate the brushes upon the commutator to distribute the primary current and render the secondary coils:- active, substan tially as described. 3

In testimony whereof I heretoeffix my signature in presence of two witnesses.

CHARLES J. VAN DEPOELE.

Witnesses:

" FRANKLAND JANNUS,

MARTIN R. KAYS. 

